Hydrothermal Method Research Articles

Precursor-concentration-controlled Morphology of TiO2 Nanorod/Nanoflower Films for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Investigating Their Growth Mechanism

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been considered as one of the most promising photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to improving its PEC water splitting performance. In this study, TiO2 nanorod/nanoflower (NRF) films with controlled morphology were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by following a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The TiO2 NRF films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. FE-SEM showed that the TiO2 films are composed of a simultaneous growth of a primary layer of TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and a second layer of TiO2 nanoflowers (NFs). The proposed growth mechanism highlighted the influence of precursor concentration on nucleation sites, affecting the preferred crystallographic plane growth of rutile TiO2 and nanorod alignment on the FTO substrate. Intriguingly, TiO2 NRF films prepared with 1.0 mL of titanium butoxide exhibited a maximum photocurrent density of 3.58 mA.cm−2 at 1.23 V versus (vs.) the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), along with a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.69%. The enhanced photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency were attributed to the optimum thickness in the range of 4.52-7.31 µm, which caused the film to be formed with a unique morphology of the primary layer with well-vertically aligned nanorods and the second layer of flowers consisting of numerous rods stacked on top of one another. This study demonstrates the importance of designing semiconductors with 1D nanorod/3D nanoflower structures as high-performance photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Improving Zinc-Ion Batteries’ Performance: The Role of Nitrogen Doping in V2O3/C Cathodes

This study presents the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of nitrogen-doped vanadium oxide (N−V2O3/C) as a cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), using a hydrothermal method. Compared to undoped V2O3/C, N−V2O3/C exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity, capacity, and electrochemical kinetics, attributed to the incorporation of pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen. The initial charge–discharge cycles indicate phase transitions to amorphous vanadium oxides, enhancing conductivity. N−V2O3/C shows a high specific capacity of 168.4 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 and remarkable reversibility, highlighted by the transient existence of intermediate species during cycling. Optimal electrochemical performance is achieved with a vanadium-to-nitrogen molar ratio of 2:3, indicating the significant impact of the nitrogen doping concentration on the material’s efficiency. This work underscores the potential of N−V2O3/C as a superior cathode material for AZIBs.

Tribological performances of MoS2/C60 nanocomposite as lubricating additive in dioctyl sebacate

Purpose This paper aims to solve the problems molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets suffer from inadequate dispersion stability and form a weak lubricating film on the friction surface, which severely limits their application as lubricant additives. Design/methodology/approach MoS2/C60 nanocomposites were prepared by synthesizing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets on the surface of hydrochloric acid-activated fullerenes (C60) by in situ hydrothermal method. The composition, structure and morphology of MoS2/C60 nanocomposites were characterized. Through the high-frequency reciprocating tribology test, its potential as a lubricant additive was evaluated. Findings MoS2/C60 nanocomposites that were prepared showed good dispersion in dioctyl sebacate (DOS). When 0.5 Wt.% MoS2/C60 was added, the friction reduction performance and wear resistance improved by 54.5% and 62.7%, respectively. Originality/value MoS2/C60 composite nanoparticles were prepared by in-situ formation of MoS2 nanosheets on the surface of C60 activated by HCl through hydrothermal method and were used as potential lubricating oil additives. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2023-0321/

One-Pot Synthesis of Nanoflower-Like Bimetallic Sulfides of Zn2SnS4 as Nanozymes for Highly Sensitive Sensing of H2O2 Released by Living Cells.

The sensitive and reliable nanozyme-based sensor enables the detection of low concentrations of H2O2 in biological microenvironments, it has potential applications as an in-situ monitoring platform for cellular H2O2 release. The uniformly dispersed bimetallic sulfide (Zn2SnS4) nanoflowers were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method and the two kinds of metal ions can serve as morphology and structure directing agents for each other in the synthetic process. The nanoparticles were utilized as nanozyme materials to fabricate a novel electrochemical sensor, and it exhibits a distinct electrochemical response towards H2O2 with excellent stability and detection capability (with a minimum detection limit of 1.79 nM (S/N = 3)), the excellent characteristics facilitate the precise detection of low concentrations of H2O2 in biological microenvironments. Use the macrophages differentiated from leukemia THP-1 cells as a representative sensing model, the sensor was successfully utilized for real-time monitoring of the release of H2O2 induced by living cells, which has significant potential applications in clinical diagnosis and cancer treatment.

Gap type effect on photocatalytic degradation using newly hydrotalcite nanoposite precursor synthesized by hydrothermal method

<p>A novel technique involving hydrothermal synthesis was employed to prepare nanocomposite precursors of lamellar double hydroxide based basic mixed oxides. This method extended ongoing research on iron-impregnated hydrotalcite-supported nanomaterials. The iron-based Fe/MgAl-h nanocomposite was prepared via dry impregnation, introducing a known % by weight of Fe (NO3)3.9H2O metal salt into the hydrothermally synthesized MgAl-h structure. For comparative analysis, the photocatalytic performance of Fe/MgAl-h was compared with the coprecipitation-synthesized Fe/MgAl-c after calcination at 400°C, using various characterization techniques. Structural examination revealed a double-layered hydroxyl structure and the presence of iron oxide phase Fe2O3 in Fe/MgAl-h400. Optical assessments indicated an indirect band gap energy of 1.89 eV for solid Fe/MgAl-h400, which is suitable for visible light absorption. Photocatalytic experiments for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in aqueous solution were performed under artificial irradiation with a tungsten lamp as the visible light source, mirroring the conditions of Fe/MgAl-c400. Using 50 mg/L MB concentration and 0.5 g/L catalyst quantity, increased MB removal efficiency with time was observed. A comparative study of hydrothermal and coprecipitation synthesis methods showed decreased photodegradation for the hydrothermally prepared solid. Fe/MgAl-h400 and Fe/MgAl-c400 exhibited reaction efficiencies of approximately 46% and 67%, respectively, possibly attributed to their distinct indirect and direct band gap characteristics. Moreover, a wider band gap in a semiconductor material offers several advantages for the degradation of dyes.</p>

CuPd bimetallic nanoparticles supported magnetic ionic liquid-derived N-doped carbon as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot oxidative multicomponent reactions

BackgroundMulticomponent reactions often rely on aldehydes as the reactants, limiting their widespread use. To enhance the versatility and scope of these reactions, aldehydes can be replaced with alcohols. MethodsIn this study, nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon nanostructures modified with imidazolium-based ionic liquid (Fe3O4@NC-IL) were prepared. These nanostructures were synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal carbonization method using ferric chloride in the presence of glucose, urea, epichlorohydrin and 1-methylimidazole as carbon source, nitrogen source, linker and ionic liquid, respectively. Then, CuPd bimetallic nanoparticles were immobilized on the synthesized nanostructures by a wet chemical reduction process. Significant findingsThe catalytic activity of the nanostructures was evaluated in the oxidation of alcohol under base-free conditions. The results indicate that the CuPd bimetallic catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than both Cu and Pd monometallic catalysts, suggesting a synergistic effect between copper and palladium. Also, a non-ionic liquid-based catalyst was synthesized and used in the model reaction to study the effect of imidazolium ionic liquid species on the catalytic activity. The results showed that these species enhanced the catalytic activity. Finally, the catalytic activity of the synthesized structure was evaluated through a one-pot tandem oxidative synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones (Biginelli reaction) and dihydropyridines (Hantzsch reaction).

Silver‐doped rutile TiO2 nanotubes synthesis. First insights into selective photo‐oxidation of benzyl alcohol derivatives under visible light

AbstractThe synergistic effect between rutile TiO2 nanotubes and silver nanoparticles on the surface was studied. For that purpose, rutile TiO2 nanotubes were elaborated by a hydrothermal method, doped with silver by a wetness impregnation approach and fully characterized. The as synthesized material showed an improved photocatalytic activity, compared with bare rutile nanotubes, which was correlated to the changes in the optical, structural, and textural properties associated with the variation of silver amount. The photocatalytic activity of the as‐prepared catalysts was evaluated into the oxidation of different benzyl alcohol derivatives under visible light.

Degradation of Orange G, Acid Blue 161, and Brillant Green Dyes Using UV Light‐Activated GA–TiO2–Cd Composite

AbstractIn this study, photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity performance are synthesized by synthesizing graphene aerogel‐supported, cadmium‐doped TiO2 composites by hydrothermal method for the effective degradation of organic dyes in wastewater. Here, GA–TiO2–Cd is investigated as a photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic dyes named Orange G, Acid Blue 161, and Brilliant Green in the UV part of the light spectrum. As a result of the experiments, it is observed that the effective decomposition of organic dyes is due to graphene aerogel (GA) and cadmium‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The results show that for 20 ppm solutions of Orange G, Acid Blue 161, and Brilliant Green, dyes are removed at approximately 81.075%, 84.15%, and 95.18% in 120 min. The morphology and elemental analysis of the synthesized composites are determined using SEM‐EDS, crystal structure analysis by XRD, chemical bond analysis by FTIR, optical properties by UV‐Vis‐NIR spectrophotometry, and thermal resistance by TGA analysis.

Hydrangea-like TiO2/Bi2MoO6 porous nanoflowers triggering highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensing to tumor marker.

Rapid and sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is of great significance for cancer patients. Here, molybdenum (Mo) was doped into bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) by one-pot hydrothermal method forming porous tremella Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites with a larger specific surface area than the spherical structure. Then, a new kind of hydrangea-like TiO2/Bi2MoO6 porous nanoflowers (NFs) was prepared by doping titanium into Bi2MoO6, where titanium dioxide (TiO2) grew in situ on the surface of Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles (NPs). The hydrangea-like structure provides larger specific surface area, higher electron transfer ability and biocompatibility as well as more active sites conducive to the attachment of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) to TiO2/Bi2MoO6 NFs. A novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor was then constructed for the quantitative detection of CEA using TiO2/Bi2MoO6 NFs as sensing platform, showing a good linear relationship with CEA in the concentration range 1.0pg/mL ~ 1.0mg/mL and a detection limit of 0.125pg/mL (S/N = 3). The results achieved with the designed immunosensor are comparable with many existing immunosensors used for the detection of CEA in real samples.

Chromolaena Odorata Leaves Derived Carbon Dot‐Based Fluorescence/Second‐Order Scattering Ratiometric Sensor for Fe3+ and Vitamin C

Herein, a ratiometric fluorescence and second‐order scattering sensor with plant leaf‐derived carbon dots (CDs) for Fe3+ and vitamin C is reported. The CDs are prepared from Chromolaena odorata leaves through a one‐pot hydrothermal method. The synthesized CDs have a quantum yield of 22.6%. The spherical dots have an average size of 3 nm and the chemical composition is found as nitrogen (7%) being the highest heteroatom present along with carbon and oxygen atoms in it. The ratio between fluorescence intensity at 445 nm and second‐order scattering constitutes the sensor output. A linear relationship is found between the output and analyte concentration in the range 0–70 and 0–10 μM with limit of detection 0.12 and 1.2 μM for Fe3+ and vitamin C, respectively. Static mechanism along with inner filter effect has been identified as the underlying quenching mechanism for Fe3+ activity. The strong chelation of Fe3+ by vitamin C further enhances the fluorescence. The change in the second‐order scattering intensity is explained by the formation and disruption of CDs/Fe3+ complex. The sensor also shows satisfactory performance with borewell water (Fe3+) and commercial tablet (vitamin C) with recovery rate ranging between 98.6% and 103.5%.

Chiral Transfer and Evolution in Cysteine Induced Cobalt Superstructures.

Chiral organic additives have unveiled the extraordinary capacity to form chiral inorganic superstructures, however, complex hierarchical structures have hindered the understanding of chiral transfer and growth mechanisms. This study introduces a simple hydrothermal synthesis method for constructing chiral cobalt superstructures with cysteine, demonstrating specific recognition of chiral molecules and outstanding electrocatalytic activity. The mild preparation conditions allow in situ tracking of chirality evolution in the chiral cobalt superstructure, offering unprecedented insights into the chiral transfer and amplification mechanism. The resulting superstructures exhibit a universal formation process applicable to other metal oxides, extending the understanding of chiral superstructure evolution. This work contributes not only to the fundamental understanding of chirality in self-assembled structures but also provides a versatile method for designing chiral inorganic nanomaterials with remarkable molecular recognition and electrocatalytic capabilities.

MnS-BaS Heterostructures as Effective Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

The inadequate electrical conductivity of metal sulfides, along with their tendency to agglomerate, has hindered their use in energy storage and catalysis. The construction of a heterojunction can ameliorate these deficiencies to some extent. In this paper, MnS-BaS heterojunction catalysts were prepared by a hydrothermal method, which is a simple and inexpensive process. The MnS-BaS heterojunction catalysts exhibited superior performance owing to the strong synergistic interaction between MnS and BaS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal strong interactions at the heterojunction interface and significant electron transfer between MnS and BaS, which further modulates the electronic structure of Mn. The elevation of the center of the d-band enhances the adsorption of oxygen and oxygen-containing intermediates on the catalyst, thus promoting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The practical application of MnS-BaS catalysts was tested by assembling zinc-air batteries. This study provides a rational strategy for designing transition metal catalysts that are efficient and low cost.

Constructing efficient Ti4O7/PbO2 heterostructured photoelectrode for water remediation

Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation (PEC) technology is considered to be an efficient process for the treatment of organic wastewater, and its performance depends on the characteristics of the PEC photoanodes. Therefore, the construction of heterogeneous nanostructured photoelectrodes based on suitable semiconductor materials for fast induced carrier transfer efficiency is essential for a high-performance PEC technique. Herein, titanium suboxide/lead (IV) oxide (Ti4O7/PbO2) ceramic photoelectrode with efficient PEC performance was synthesized by coupling PbO2 nanospheres with Ti4O7 through a hydrothermal method. To maximize the PEC performance of the ceramic electrodes, the Ti4O7/PbO2 nano-heterostructures were optimized by modulating the hydrothermal temperature. The optimized ceramic electrodes possessed a low Tafel slope, a low charge-transfer resistance and a good photocurrent response. Ti4O7/PbO2-110 exhibited an efficient PEC activity (approximately 92.21%) for the degradation of reactive brilliant blue KN-R. The efficient PEC performance of Ti4O7/PbO2-110 arose from the formation of a type II heterojunction between Ti4O7 and PbO2, which achieved efficient photogenerated carrier separation and facilitated the formation of intermediate active species. This work not only validates the efficient performance of Ti4O7/PbO2-110 for PEC water purification but also provides a reference strategy for the preparation of heterostructured ceramic photoelectrodes with a high PEC efficiency.

Research progress on ZnO/MoS2/rGO ternary photocatalysts

Energy shortage and environmental pollution have become one of the important global issues, and semiconductor photocatalytic technology is considered as one of the effective means to solve these problems. As a new and efficient green material, ZnO has attracted wide attention. ZnO is widely used in the field of photocatalysis due to its non-toxicity, low cost, environmental friendliness, adjustable band gap, high electron density, and chemical stability. However, the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in ZnO hinders its practical application and lowers the utilization efficiency of visible light. On the other hand, molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/rGO), as a binary non-precious metal co-catalyst, has a larger specific surface area, suitable band gap width, and visible light response capability compared to single-phase graphene co-catalyst. Therefore, introducing MoS2/rGO co-catalyst into the ZnO system can provide more active sites, reduce the probability of photogenerated charge carrier recombination, and improve the utilization efficiency of visible light. In this review, we summarize the hydrothermal synthesis methods for preparing this highly demanded nanocomposite material, including one-step and stepwise methods. Subsequently, we elaborate on the mechanism of enhancing light absorption and achieving efficient electron-hole separation behavior in the ternary system heterojunction structure during the photocatalytic process. Due to its significant advantages, this ternary system heterojunction structure has been widely applied in the field of photocatalysis, including applications such as pollutant degradation, sterilization, and water splitting.

Commercializable Naphthalene Diimide Anolytes for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries

Neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold the potential to facilitate the transition of renewable energy sources from auxiliary to primary energy, the commercial production of anolyte materials still suffers from insufficient performance of high‐concentration and the high cost of the preparation problem. To overcome these challenges, this study provides a hydrothermal synthesis methodology and introduces the charged functional groups into hydrophobic naphthalene diimide cores, and prepares a series of high‐performance naphthalene diimide anolytes. Under the synergistic effect of π‐π stacking and H‐bonding networks, the naphthalene diimide exhibits excellent structural stability and the highest water solubility (1.85 M for dex‐NDI) reported to date. By employing the hydrothermal method, low‐cost naphthalene diimides are successfully synthesized on a hundred‐gram scale of $0.16 g‐1 ($2.43 Ah‐1), which is also the lowest price reported to date. The constructed full battery achieves a high electron concentration of 2.4 M, a high capacity of 54.4 Ah L‐1, and a power density of 318 mW cm‐2 with no significant capacity decay observed during long‐duration cycling. These findings provide crucial support for the commercialization of AORFBs and pave the way for revolutionary developments in neutral AORFBs.

Carbon and Nitrogen‐Co‐Doped Se/NiSe2/CoSe2 Nanocomposite as Superior Performance Electrode Material in Hybrid Supercapacitors

AbstractMetal selenides are essential electrode materials for promising electrochemical energy storage with comparable or improved electrochemical performance than metal oxides. Herein, Se/NiSe2/CoSe2 (S/NS/CS) is fabricated using a solvothermal approach with the assistance of polyethyleneimine, followed by annealing at different temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) for one hour under an argon atmosphere. After annealing, all electrodes’ physical and electrochemical properties were examined, which determined that the best electrode is NiCo2O4/NiO (NCO/NO) formed at 500 °C. Additional hydrothermal method uses NCO/NO with SeO2 as a selenium source to prepare S/NS/CS nanocomposite, with a specific surface architecture that enables easy ion movement and robust conductivity, giving it exceptional electrochemical energy storage properties. It exhibited a remarkable capacitance of 468 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. For practical applications, the hybrid S/NS/CS//AC device was designed using S/NS/CS as a positive electrode and commercial activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode. The asymmetric device demonstrated an excellent capacitance of 142 F g−1 (189 C g−1) and a superb specific energy of 44 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 840 W kg−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, providing 80 % capacity retention and 100 % coulombic efficiency after 5000 cycles.

Commercializable Naphthalene Diimide Anolytes for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries.

Neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold the potential to facilitate the transition of renewable energy sources from auxiliary to primary energy, the commercial production of anolyte materials still suffers from insufficient performance of high-concentration and the high cost of the preparation problem. To overcome these challenges, this study provides a hydrothermal synthesis methodology and introduces the charged functional groups into hydrophobic naphthalene diimide cores, and prepares a series of high-performance naphthalene diimide anolytes. Under the synergistic effect of π-π stacking and H-bonding networks, the naphthalene diimide exhibits excellent structural stability and the highest water solubility (1.85 M for dex-NDI) reported to date. By employing the hydrothermal method, low-cost naphthalene diimides are successfully synthesized on a hundred-gram scaleof $0.16 g-1 ($2.43 Ah-1), which is also the lowest price reported to date. The constructed full battery achieves a high electron concentration of 2.4 M, a high capacity of 54.4 Ah L-1, and a power density of 318 mW cm-2 with no significant capacity decay observed during long-duration cycling. These findings provide crucial support for the commercialization of AORFBs and pave the way for revolutionary developments in neutral AORFBs.

Orange-Red-Emitting Carbon Dots for Bilirubin Detection and Its Antibacterial Activity Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

In this study, orange-red-emitting carbon dots (OR-CDs) were prepared from p-phenylenediamine (p-PDA) and urea as starting precursors through the hydrothermal method. The OR-CDs exhibited bright orange-red fluorescence at 618 nm when excited at 480 nm. The obtained OR-CDs exhibited stable photophysical properties under different physiological conditions. The unique photophysical property of OR-CDs were then utilized for fluorometric determination of bilirubin. The fluorometric assay revealed that the fluorescence intensity of OR-CDs is gradually quenched upon the addition of bilirubin (1-20 μM). The mechanism of fluorescence quenching was evaluated by steady-state fluorescence analysis and time-correlated single photon counting measurements. The OR-CDs showed good selectivity and sensitivity toward bilirubin over other common interfering biomolecules. The present fluorometric assay showed a linear response toward bilirubin between 1 and 10 μM with a limit of detection of 4.80 nM. Further, a fluorescence test cotton swab-based detection probe has been successfully developed by incorporating OR-CDs for the point-of-care detection of bilirubin in biofluids. Furthermore, a light-emitting diode light that emits orange-red light was prepared by embedding the OR-CDs within the poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer matrix. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of OR-CDs was tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial efficacy of OR-CDs was demonstrated by various mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species generation, destruction of cell structure, chemical binding to membrane, and surface wrapping. Interestingly, the survival assay against L929 fibroblast cells exhibits favorable biocompatibility and bioimaging.

Employing Piper longum extract for eco-friendly fabrication of PtPd alloy nanoclusters: advancing electrolytic performance of formic acid and methanol oxidation.

Advancement in bioinspired alloy nanomaterials has a crucial impact on fuel cell applications. Here, we report the synthesis of PtPd alloy nanoclusters via the hydrothermal method using Piper longum extract, representing a novel and environmentally friendly approach. Physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanoclusters were investigated using various instrumentation techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and High-Resolution Transmission electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the biogenic PtPd nanoclusters towards the oxidation of formic acid and methanol was evaluated chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry studies. The surface area of the electrocatalyst was determined to be 36.6 m2g-1 by Electrochemical Surface Area (ECSA) analysis. The biologically inspired PtPd alloy nanoclusters exhibited significantly higher electrocatalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C, with specific current responses of 0.24mAcm - 2 and 0.17mAcm - 2 at synthesis temperatures of 180°C and 200°C, respectively, representing approximately four times higher oxidation current after 120min. This innovative synthesis approach offers a promising pathway for the development of PtPd alloy nanoclusters with enhanced electrocatalytic activity, thereby advancing fuel cell technology towards a sustainable energy solution.

Achieving High Isotropic Figure of Merit in Cd and in Codoped Polycrystalline SnSe.

Here, we combined Cd and In codoping with a simple hydrothermal synthesis method to prepare SnSe powders composed of nanorod-like flowers. After spark plasma sintering, its internal grains inherited well the morphological features of the precursor, and the multiscale microstructure included nanorod-shaped grains, high-density dislocations, and stacking faults, as well as abundant nanoprecipitates, resulting in an ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.15 W m-1 K-1 for the synthesized material. At the same time, Cd and In synergistically regulated the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of SnSe, leading to an enhanced power factor. Among them, Sn0.94Cd0.03In0.03Se achieved a peak ZT of 1.50 parallel to the pressing direction, representing an 87.5% improvement compared with pure SnSe. Notably, the material possesses isotropic ZT values parallel and perpendicular to the pressing direction, overcoming the characteristic anisotropy in thermal performance observed in previous polycrystalline SnSe-based materials. Our results provide a new strategy for optimizing the performance of thermoelectric materials through structural engineering.